Description
The electric grid operates as an enormous just-in-time production and delivery system, with power generated at the same time it is consumed, and with little storage of electrical energy. This means that the transmission and distribution system have to be built to accommodate maximum power flow rather than average power flow, resulting in under-utilization of assets. Energy storage can enhance network reliability, enable a more efficient use of base load generation, and support a higher penetration of renewable energy resources. Recently, electrical energy storage (EES) systems are being used furthermore and becoming more important in various industries including EVs.
Electric storage can be achieved on the large, medium and small scale.
Energy storage already exists in many electrical power systems. Pumped hydro power plants represent most of this storage today. Pumped hydro allows the storage of enormous quantities of energy, although it requires a huge initial investment. Pumped hydro power plants are subject to natural limitation. Their capacity cannot be extended beyond certain ranges depending on local conditions. Compressed air energy storage is a less widely implemented technology that uses off-peak renewable electricity to compress and store air, which can later be used to regenerate electricity.
Short-duration storage technologies such as ultra-capacitors and flywheels have uses in other applications, such as those in which power and energy requirements are not large but when the storage is expected to see a great deal of cycling. Such technologies can be used to address power-quality disturbances and frequency regulation, applications in which only a few kilowatts to megawatts are required for a few seconds or minutes.
Another means of storage is batteries. Lead-acid batteries are used for backup power in power plants. In larger scale applications sodium sulfur and vanadium redox flow batteries are more effective. Large-scale battery energy storage can be applied to peak shaving. The vanadium redox flow batteries also can be applied to improve the power quality.
Lithium-ion batteries are used for higher power requirements, cycling performance and for portable battery applications which, for example, enable plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV). This distributed energy storage could reduce the fluctuation in electrical load and generation by acting as a manageable load and discharging energy back to the grid when necessary. Use of Lithium-ion batteries are being to wider area recently by the rapid evolution of technology.
Electrical storages can be connected directly into the distribution grid or can be integrated into a Building Automation System HBES/BACS. In the case of HBES/BACS the DEMS (Decentralized Energy Management Systems) has an indirect influence on these storages by using the HBES/BACS network/communication.
Electrical storage should fulfil a number of functions in the grid including:
· serving as a spinning reserve;
· serving
as a manageable load;
· power system stabilization;
· load levelling;
· reactive
power support;
· contribute to giving artificial Inertia to power systems.
Energy storage is a major element of Smart Grid.
Available standards
The standards listed below are available on IEC webstore.
|
Layer |
Standard |
Title and comments |
|
Information, Communication |
IEC 61850-7-410 |
Communication networks and systems for power utility automation – Part 7-410: Basic communication structure – Hydroelectric power plants – Communication for monitoring and control (including pumped hydro) |
|
Information |
IEC 61850-7-420 |
Communication networks and systems for power utility automation – Part 7-420: Basic communication structure – Distributed energy resources logical nodes IEC 61850 modelling for DER – New edition |
|
Communication |
IEC TR 61850-90-8 |
Communication networks and systems for power utility automation - Part 90-8: Object model for E- mobility |
|
Information |
IEC TR 61850-90-9 a |
Use of IEC 61850 for electrical storage systems |
|
Communication |
IEC 61850-8-1 |
Communication networks and systems for power utility automation – Part 8-1: Specific communication service mapping (SCSM) – Mappings to MMS (ISO 9506-1 and ISO 9506-2) and to ISO/IEC 8802-3 IEC 61850 communication except Sample values |
|
Communication |
IEC 61850-8-2 |
Communication networks and systems for power utility automation – Part 8-2: Specific communication service mapping (SCSM) – Mappings to web-services |
|
Information Communication |
IEC PAS 62746-10-1 |
Systems interface between customer energy management system and the power management system – Part 10-1: Open Automated Demand Response (OpenADR 2.0b Profile Specification) |
|
Communication, Information |
IEC TR 62746-2 |
Systems interface between customer energy management system and the power management system – Part 2: Use cases and requirements |
|
Communication, Information |
IEC TS 62746-3 |
Systems interface between customer energy management system and the power management system – Part 3: Architecture |
|
Information, Communication |
IEC TR 62939-1 |
Smart grid user interface |
|
Information, Communication |
see other section |
refer to the DR management systems depicted in IEC TR 63097:2017 section 4.9.13 |
|
Information, Communication |
see other section |
refer to the DER system depicted in DER management system |
|
Information, Communication |
see other section |
refer to the AMI system depicted in Energy management system |
|
Information, Communication |
IEC 61158 series |
Industrial communication networks – Fieldbus specifications |
|
Information, Communication |
IEC 62541 series |
OPC unified architecture |
|
Information, Communication |
IEC TR 62837 |
Energy efficiency through automation systems |
|
Communication |
IEC 62439 series |
Industrial communication networks – High availability automation networks |
|
Information, Communication |
IEC 62443 series |
Industrial communication networks – Network and system security |
|
Information, Communication |
IEC 61970 |
Energy management system application program interface (EMS-API) Common Information Model (CIM) / Energy Management |
|
Information, Communication |
IEC 61968 |
Application integration at electric utilities – System interfaces for distribution management Common Information Model (CIM) / Distribution Management |
|
Information, Communication |
IEC 62351 series |
Power systems management and associated information exchange – Data and communications security Cyber-security aspects (see IEC TR 63097:2017 section 4.10.4) |
|
Information, Communication |
IEC 62325 series |
Framework for energy market communications |
|
Process |
IEC 60364 series |
Low-voltage electrical installations |
|
Information |
IEC 62933-1:2018 |
Electrical energy storage (EES) systems - Part 1: Vocabulary |
|
Information |
IEC 62933-2-1:2017 |
Electrical energy storage (EES) systems - Part 2-1: Unit parameters and testing methods - General specification |
|
Information |
IEC 62933-2-1:2017/COR1:2019 |
Corrigendum 1 - Electrical energy storage (EES) systems - Part 2-1: Unit parameters and testing methods - General specification |
|
Information |
IEC TS 62933-2-2:2022 |
Electrical energy storage (EES) systems - Part 2-2: Unit parameters and testing methods - Application and performance testing |
|
Information |
IEC TR 62933-2-200:2021 |
Electrical energy storage (EES) systems - Part 2-200: Unit parameters and testing methods - Case study of electrical energy storage (EES) systems located in EV charging station with PV |
|
Information |
IEC TS 62933-3-1:2018 |
Electrical energy storage (EES) systems - Part 3-1: Planning and performance assessment of electrical energy storage systems - General specification |
|
Information |
IEC TS 62933-3-2:2023 |
Electrical energy storage (EES) systems - Part 3-2: Planning and performance assessment of electrical energy storage systems - Additional requirements for power intensive and renewable energy sources integration related applications |
|
Information |
IEC TS 62933-3-3:2022 |
Electrical energy storage (EES) systems - Part 3-3: Planning and performance assessment of electrical energy storage systems - Additional requirements for energy intensive and backup power applications |
|
Information |
IEC TS 62933-4-1:2017 |
Electrical energy storage (EES) systems - Part 4-1: Guidance on environmental issues - General specification |
|
Information |
IEC 62933-4-4:2023 |
Electrical energy storage (EES) systems - Part 4-4: Environmental requirements for battery-based energy storage systems (BESS) with reused batteries |
|
Information |
IEC TS 62933-5-1:2017 |
Electrical energy storage (EES) systems - Part 5-1: Safety considerations for grid-integrated EES systems - General specification |
|
Information |
IEC 62933-5-2:2020 |
Electrical energy storage (EES) systems - Part 5-2: Safety requirements for grid-integrated EES systems - Electrochemical-based systems |
|
Information |
IEC 62933-5-3:2023 |
Electrical energy storage (EES) systems - Part 5-3: Safety requirements for grid-integrated EES systems – Performing unplanned modification of electrochemical based system |
|
Information, Communication |
IEC TR 62939-1 |
Smart grid user interface - Part 1: Interface overview and country perspectives |
|
Information |
IEC 63119-1I |
Information exchange for electric vehicle charging roaming service - Part 1: General |
|
Information Communication |
IEC 63119-2 |
Information exchange for electric vehicle charging roaming service - Part 2: Use cases |
|
Information Communication |
IEC 63110-1 |
Protocol for management of electrical Vehicles charging and discharging infrastructures. Part 1 – Basic definitions, use cases and architectures |
Coming standards
|
Layer |
Standard |
Title and comments |
| Information Communication | IEC 63119-3 |
Information exchange for electric vehicle charging roaming service – Part 3: Message structure |
|
Information Communication |
IEC 63380-1 |
Local Charging station management systems and Local Energy Management Systems network connectivity and information exchange - Part -1 General Requirements, Use Cases and abstract Messages |
|
Information Communication |
IEC 63380-2 |
Local Charging station management systems and Local Energy Management Systems network connectivity and information exchange - Part -2: Specific data model mapping |
|
Information Communication |
IEC 63380-3 |
Local Charging station management systems and Local Energy Management Systems network connectivity and information exchange - Part 3: Communication Protocol and Cybersecurity Specific Aspects |
|
Information Communication |
IEC 63380-4 |
Local Charging station management systems and Local Energy Management Systems network connectivity and information exchange - Part -4: Test specifications |
|
Information Communication |
IEC 63382-1 |
Management of Distributed Energy Storage Systems based on Electrically Chargeable Vehicles (ECV-DESS) -Part 1 : Definitions requirements and use cases |
|
Information Communication |
IEC 63382-2 |
Management of Distributed Energy Storage Systems based on Electrically Chargeable Vehicles (ECV-DESS) – Part2: Data models, protocols, messages |
|
Information Communication |
IEC 63382-3 |
Management of Distributed Energy Storage Systems based on Electrically Chargeable Vehicles (ECV-DESS) -Part 3: Conformance tests |
|
Information Communication |
IEC 62746 series |
Systems interface between customer energy management system and the power management system |
|
Information, Communication |
see other section |
refer to the DR management systems depicted in IEC TR 63097:2017 section 4.9.13 |
|
Information, Communication |
see other section |
refer to the DER system depicted in DER management system |
|
Information, Communication |
see other section |
refer to the AMI system depicted in Energy management system |
|
Information |
IEC 62933-1 ED2 |
Electrical energy storage (EES) systems - Part 1: Vocabulary |
|
Information |
IEC TS 62933-2-3 ED1 |
Electric Energy Storage (EES) Systems - Part 2-3: Unit parameters and testing methods - Performance assessment test after site operation |
|
Information |
IEC TR 62933-2-201 ED1 |
Review of testing for BESS in consideration of implementing repurpose and reuse batteries |
|
Information |
IEC 62933-3-1 ED1 |
Electrical energy storage (EES) systems - Part 3-1: Planning and performance assessment of electrical energy storage systems - General specification |
|
Information |
IEC TR 62933-3-200 ED1 |
Electrical Energy Storage (EES) Systems - Part 3-200: Design principles of electrochemical based EES systems |
|
Information |
IEC TR 62933-4-200 ED1 |
Electrical Energy Storage (EES) Systems - Part 4-200: Guidance on environmental issues - Greenhouse gas (GHG) emission assessment by electrical energy storage (EES) systems |
|
Information |
IEC 62933-5-1 ED1 |
Electrical energy storage (EES) systems - Part 5-1: Safety considerations for grid-integrated EES systems - General specification |
|
Information |
IEC 62933-5-2 ED2 |
Electrical energy storage (EES) systems - Part 5-2: Safety requirements for grid-integrated EES systems - Electrochemical-based systems |
|
Information |
IEC 62933-5-4 ED1 |
Electrical energy storage (ESS) systems Part 5-4 - Safety test methods and procedures for grid integrated EES systems - Lithium ion battery-based systems |
|
Information |
IEC 62933-4-2 ED1 |
Electric Energy Storage Systems - Part 4-2- Assessment of the environmental impact of battery failure in an electrochemical based storage system |
|
Information |
IEC 62933-4-3 ED1 |
Electrical energy storage(EES) systems - Part 4-3: The protection requirements of BESS according to the environmental conditions and location types |
|
Information |
IEC62933-5-2 ed2, |
Electrical energy storage (EES) systems - Part 5-2: Safety requirements for grid-integrated EES systems - Electrochemical-based systems |
|
Information, Communication |
IEC (SRD) 63460 |
Architecture and use-cases for EVs to provide grid support functions |
|
Information, Communication |
IEC 63382-1 to 3 |
Management of Distributed Energy Storage Systems based on Electrically Chargeable Vehicles (ECV-DESS) |
Mapping of standards
on the component layer
The Electrical energy storage management system component architecture may be interfaced following the Figure above.
Mapping of standards
on the communication layer
Please refer to IEC TR 63097:2017 section 4.10.4 for details on cyber-security standards and more specifically on where and how to apply the IEC 62351 series and/or other cyber-security mechanisms.
This set of standards can be positioned on the communication layer of SGAM as shown in the Figure above.
Mapping of standards
on the information layer
This set of standards can be positioned on the information layer of SGAM as shown in the Figure above.